The socio-historical school of former Soviet psychology (Vygotsky, Leont'ev, Luria, Gal'perin), especially Vygotsky's thinking. Development and relation of speaking and thinking; inner speech and problem-solving.

Approaches in psychology and linguistics grounded in a dialogical epistemology, and their precursors: L.P. Jakubinsky, V.N. Voloshinov, M.M. Bakhtin. Developing a dialogically founded concept of language as well as modeling the self as a dialogical process, especially in regard to ontogenesis. Dialogical form of inner speech, the role of internal and imagined instances for mental processes.

The history of alphabetic writing and of the occidental thinking on language. Language acquisition in relation to the acquisition of reading and writing as an aspect of the connection of speaking and thinking. Possibilities of aiding language in its oral and written forms with respect to dialogicity.

The practice of speech and the reflexion on speech by the Sophists (Protagoras, Gorgias) and in classical rhetorics (Aristotle, Cicero) in the sense of an incipient discussion of language in the Occident.